ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#Accumulation of estrogenic compounds and other carcinogens in normal breast tissues contributes to unpredictable breast cancer incidence during adolescence and throughout life. To assess the role of parabens in this phenomenon, the paraben content of adjacent normal-malignant breast tissues is measured in women with breast cancer living in Isfahan Province, Iran.@*METHODS@#Adjacent normal-malignant breast tissue samples were obtained from 53 subjects. The parabens including methyl-paraben (MePB), ethyl-paraben (EtPB), propyl-paraben (PrPB), and butylparaben (BuPB) were extracted from the sample supernatant and then subjected to gas chromatography analysis.@*RESULTS@#Some risk factors for breast cancer were stimulated by parabens in adjacent malignant-normal breast tissues among young and middle-aged women with breast cancer. We observed a significant association for dose-response pattern of MePB [OR = 98.34 (11.43-185.2), P = 0.027] for both ER+ and PR+ women and MePB [OR = 164.3 (CI: 112.3-216.3), P < 0.001] for HER2+ women than women with negative receptors. The risk of 95-fold increase in MePB dose and 164-fold increase in ΣPBs dose were significant for women with hereditary breast cancer in first-degree relatives.@*CONCLUSION@#These results may promote future epidemiology studies and strategies to improve women's lifestyle and consume paraben-free products.
ABSTRACT
Various researches showed that depression is a key modifiable risk factor in maintaining of low back pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on depression reduction of the patients with chronic low back pain. In an experimental study including pre-test, post-test, and following up the control group, thirty-five patients with diagnosis of low back pain compliance randomly selected in clinical centers of one, two and three regions of Tehran and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. All subjects completed depression subscale of the depression anxiety stress scales [DASS] in three phases of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy carried out on the experimental groups 8 sessions once a week. The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that cognitive-behavioral group therapy significantly reduced the depression mean scores of the experimental groups as compared to the control group [P<0.05]. According to the findings, cognitive-behavioral group therapy is an effective method in decreasing depression in patients with chronic low back pain